The Commerce Department released economic growth numbers that seem superheated at 4.3%. As Krugman noted before the numbers came out, we have a "K-shaped" economy now, with disproportionate wealth being funneled upwards. We had a brief compression under Biden, as wages grew more robustly at the bottom of the wage scale, due to labor market constraints. Right now, we have a frozen job market, as employers aren't hiring, so people aren't leaving for a better job elsewhere. There aren't mass layoffs, but the hiring freeze - which really hits recently college and high school grads the hardest - suggests that businesses are wary of the underlying economic conditions. Wary in ways that would be hard to square with 4.3% growth.
One economist in the Times piece suggests that growth was being driven by consumption in higher income households. The problem is that there aren't enough high income households to sustain the economy. A healthy economy distributes consumption throughout the population. The economy isn't driven (pardon the pun) by the corporate lawyer buying a Lexus or the hedge fund guy buying a Maclaren. It's driven by fifteen middle class people buying Toyotas or Kias.
The Times piece also mentions defense spending as driving growth, but that would be a legacy of Biden sending military aid to Ukraine. It's difficult to see where the new defense spending is coming from. Another source of growth might have been ICE prison construction, but that seems unlikely to have started, given the appropriations were done in the spring. Consumer spending is up - 3.9% from last year's holiday - but some of the increased spending would have to be increased prices.
What's worrisome is that lower income households are taking on debt in order to maintain their living standards. If that's a fixed rate loan then that's just bad, but if it's variable interest rate then there is likely to be a consumer debt crisis. The national debt is exploding at a time when it should not be. That will drive up borrowing costs, and if people are putting Christmas on credit cards, that could be catastrophic in the long run.
I'd highlight this 'graph:
Lower-income families are wrestling with slowing wage growth and rising costs of various household goods, like beef, coffee and furniture. Still, even as some major corporations have announced work force reductions, the limited extent of overall layoffs is still buttressing activity. And much of consumption growth has come from spending by affluent and upper-middle-class Americans, who have continued paying for travel, recreation, restaurants and other discretionary purchases.
That's the K-shape. I confess that we have not restrained our spending. In fact, because of the sale of an inherited property, we are building our retirement home, and because the property we sold was quite valuable, we aren't having to borrow (yet). If we did not have that pile of cash, we would not be able to engage in the build. What's more, if we were relying solely on our wages - which aren't bad, but aren't high - I don't know how we could buy a retirement home. (We live in campus housing at the moment.) Left solely to our wages, we would be in trouble.
Finally, there's AI.
Spending related to A.I. contributed to almost half of “year-over-year growth in G.D.P.” in the first half of the year, according to estimates by Principal Asset Management. Most analysts expect that these investments are likely to persist. But the data from the third quarter shows that the trend may be lumpier than some have projected, as intellectual property investments declined, as well as investments in structures, compared with previous months. Other newly released numbers also showed orders for durable goods also fell in October, even as an expansive build-out in data centers marches on.
This is a distorted picture of economic health. Josh Marshall has a note about his new iPhone, which has an unwanted AI feature. Basically, it's a supercharged autocorrect/text suggestion. He says the following:
The iPhone texting overhaul is of a piece with almost everything (not everything but almost) about AI at this moment, which is overwhelmingly a supply- rather than a demand-driven revolution.
I think this is key. A lot of people don't really like AI, but they are using it because they are kind of being forced to use it. You no longer do a "Google search" but a "Gemini search." Some of that IS great. AI search engines are a real advance. Still, the primary use for ChatGPT seems to be cheating. It seems inevitable that it will lead to job loss. We are being given something we aren't asking for and it is coming at great cost. We are building this sector of the economy that we don't really seem to be asking for.
Yglesias has a piece comparing what we assumed about magazine reading versus what we know about reading online. Magazines were supposed to be a leisure time activity, yet we can see in the data that people read online content at work. The computer revolution has not really led to an explosion in productivity, because while people do work faster, they then spend their time fucking about online.
What will happen with AI, which seems able to further speed up work? At what point does THIS become the hiring freeze? At what point do employers simply replace NEW workers with AI?
The Times piece concludes about AI:
The boom, which several skeptical financial analysts fear may transform into a bubble, has helped buoy broad-based gains in the stock market. The benchmark S&P 500 index has risen by about 17 percent year-to-date and the tech-heavy Nasdaq index has performed even better, with gains of over 20 percent.
The bubble theory is that we are building out AI at a breakneck pace providing a service that - in many ways - people aren't asking for and that might degrade the job market even further. The gains are going to the investor class, which constitutes maybe one on eleven Americans (if we define it as households that have more than $50,000 in stocks), then there is the broad swath of Americans who aren't benefitting from this boom in the stock market.
Finally, we have to consider that the likelihood of the Commerce Department juicing the numbers is pretty high. The economy isn't cratering. It feels unsound, but it's not cratering.
One shock, though, and it could get very dicey very fast.